Selenium nanoparticles induce growth and physiological tolerance of wastewater‑stressed carrot plants

Abstract Climate changes have a direct impact on agricultural lands through their the rate of water levels in oceans and seas, which leads to decrease amount used agriculture, therefore use alternative sources irrigation such as wastewater overcoming its harmful effect plants was one solutions face this problem. In present study, impacts synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) alone or combination with glycine betaine proline treatments growth, physiological, yield attributes irrigated carrot are investigated. Furthermore, evaluate heavy metals uptake accumulation edible plant parts. The usage significantly increased free contents, total phenols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O ) throughout two growth stages. While soluble carbohydrate protein content shoots roots were reduced. Moreover, concentrations nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co) considerably higher than recommended limits set by international organizations. Application reduced contents Ni, Cd, Pb, Co; proline; phenols; dismutase; catalase; peroxidase; oxidase; (MDA) Hydrogen plants. However, morphological aspects, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, protein, phenol, β-Carotene enhanced response Se NPs application. As an outcome, research revealed that combined can be strategy minimize metal stress caused plants, consequently enhancing crop productivity growth.